同步学习

 

一、本单元词汇

upset            adj.                        心烦意乱的;不安的;不适的

                 vt.                         使不安;使心烦

ignore           vt.                         不理睬;忽视

calm             vt.&vi.                    (使)平静;(使)镇定

                 adj.                        平静的;镇静的;沉着的

concern          vt.                        (使)担忧;涉及;关系到

                 n.                          担心;关注;(利害)关系

loose            adj.                        松的;松开的

Netherlands      n.                          荷兰

German           adj.                        德国的;德国人的;德语的

                 n.                          德国人;德语

series           n.                          连续;系列

outdoors         adv.                        在户外;在野外

dusk             n.                          黄昏;傍晚

thunder          vi.                         打雷;雷鸣

                 n.                          雷;雷声

entire           adj.                        整个的;完全的;全部的

entirely         adv.                        完全地;全然地;整个地

power            n.                          能力;力量;权利

curtain          n.                          窗帘;门帘;幕布

dusty            adj.                        积满灰尘的

partner          n.                          伙伴;合作者;合伙人

settle           vi.                         安家;定居;停留

                 vt.                         使安居;安排;解决

suffer           vt.&vi.                     遭受;忍受;经历

highway          n.                          公路;大路;[]高速公路

recover          vi.&vt.                     痊愈;恢复;重新获得

pack             vi.&vt.                     捆扎;包装;打行李

                 n.                          小包;包裹

suitcase         n.                          手提箱;衣箱

overcoat         n.                          大衣,外套

teenager         n.                          十几岁的青少年

exactly          adv.                        确实如此;正是;确切地

disagree         vi.                         不同意

grateful         adj.                        感激的;表示谢意的

dislike          n.&vt.                      不喜欢;厌恶

tip              n.                          提示;技巧;尖;尖端;小费

                 vt.                         倾斜;翻倒

swap             vt.                         交换

item             n.                          项目;条款

add up                                       合计

calm down                                   (使)平静下来;(使)镇定下来

have got to                                  不得不;必须

be concerned about                           关心;挂念

walk the dog                                 遛狗

go through                                   经受;经历

set down                                     记下;放下;登记

a series of                                  一连串的;一系列;一套

on purpose                                   故意

in order to                                  为了……

at dusk                                      在黄昏时刻

face to face                                 面对面地

no longer/ notany longer                   不再……

suffer from                                  遭受;患病

get/be tired of                              对……厌烦

pack (sth.) up                                将(东西)装箱打包

get along with                               与……相处,进展

fall in love                                 相爱;爱上

join in                                      参加;加入

 

二、重点词汇讲解

1. add  v

1)“增加;添加”,如:

Please add something to what I've said, John.约翰,请对我说的话做点补充吧。

What he did has added to our difficulties.他的所作所为增加了我们的困难。

2)“相加”,如:

Add up these figures for me, please.请帮我把这些数字加起来。

You must learn to add and subtract in arithmetic. 学算术要学会加法和减法。

【常用词组】

add in “算入;包括”

add on “加到上;附加;包括”

add to “增加;加到”

add up “加起来;总计;和预期产总数相等;[]有意义, 有道理”

add up to “总计共达;(总起来看)等于说;意味着”,如:

The cost added up to 100 million yuan.费用总计达一亿元。

 

2calm 

1v. “使安静;平静;镇静”,如:

The mother calmed the baby by giving him some milk.

孩子的母亲给他牛奶,使他安静下来。

 calm down “(使)安静下来”,如:

    We tried to calm him down, but he kept shouting and crying.

    我们试图使他安静下来,可是他仍然不停地叫喊着。

2adj. (海洋, 天气等)平静的,安静的,无风浪的;()沉着的,镇静的”,如:

The calm sea gave no hint of the storm that was coming.

平静的海上没有一点迹象显示暴风雨即将来临。

Weather that is preceded by a storm is generally calm.

暴风后的天气大都平静。

The pilot's calm manner eased the passengers' fears.

飞行员镇定自若的举止消减了乘客们的恐惧。

 

3concern

1n.

①“所关切的事;有利害关系的事”,如:

Your school work, rather than your private life, is my concern.

  我所关心的是你的学业,而不是你的私人生活。

  Our chief concern at the moment is the weather.

眼前我们最关心的事是天气。

②“担心;挂念;担忧”[+for/about],如:

  I felt no concern about/for his safety.

  我不担心他的安全。

2vt.“与……有关;涉及;感兴趣于;从事;参与;干预;使担心;使忧虑”,如:

  The problem concerns all of us. 这个问题涉及到我们所有人。

【常用词组】

as concerns “关于”

as far asbe concerned “关于;至于;就……而言”

be concerned about “关心”

be concerned over/at sth. “为某事忧虑”

be concerned in sth. “和某事有牵连

be concerned with “牵涉到;与……有关;参与”,如:

He seemed to be concerned with the case. 他看起来与此案有关。

 

4cheat

1v.

  ①“欺骗;作弊”,如:

Any student caught cheating will have to leave the classroom

任何被发现作弊的学生将被赶出教室。

We all judge it wrong to cheat in examination.

我们都认定考试作弊是错误的。

②“骗;骗取”

cheat a person “骗人”

cheat sb.(out) of money “骗某人的钱”

2n.

①“作弊行为”

②“骗子”,如:

She hated the cheat to the core.

她对那个骗子恨之入骨。

 

5go through

1)“通过;穿过”,如:

    He stooped his head to go through the doorway.  他低下头穿过门口。

    Go through the bridge. 过桥。

2)“仔细检查或研究”,如:

I went through the students papers last night.昨晚我仔细检查了学生的作业。

3)“经历;遭受或忍受”,如:

You really don't know what we went through while working on this project

你的确不知道我们搞这个项目吃了多少苦。

 

6crazy  adj

1)“疯狂的;愚蠢的”,如:

It's crazy to go out in such hot weather.在这么热的天出门,真是愚蠢。

    He was driven crazy by the extremity of pain. 极度的痛苦使他发狂。

2)“狂热的;着迷的”,如:

She is crazy about dancing.她对跳舞十分着迷。

【常用词组】

be crazy about “热衷于;醉心于”

be crazy for “渴望;痴想”

drive sb. crazy “逼得某人发疯;害得某人精神失常”

 

7lonely  adj. “孤独的;寂寞的”,如:

She felt lonely. 她感到寂寞。

The lonely orphan craved affection. 这孤独的孤儿渴望得到爱抚。

lonely alone 的区别

alone  adv.&adj.

1)“单独的”(只作表语),如:

He was alone in the house. 他独自一人在家里。

2)“仅仅;只有”,用于名词或代词之后

The gloves alone cost $ 80.光是手套就花了80美元。

3)“不带走;不触摸;不干涉某人或某事”

Leave that aloneIt's mine.不要动。那是我的东西。

She has asked to be left alone.她要求不要打扰她。

 

三、词语辨析

calm; peaceful; quiet; still

calm主要用于气候、海洋“风平浪静的”, 也可指人表示“安静的”、“镇静的”, :

The sky is blue, and the sea is calm.

天空碧蓝, 海上风平浪静。

a calm voice 平静的声音

peaceful指“和平的”,表示“没有骚扰和战争的”, :

a peaceful environment 和平环境

quiet 指“没有吵闹声的,没有噪音的”,它强调“声音很低、很少” 或“全然无声”, :

He had a quiet life. 他过着宁静的生活。

still 指“没声音的,没动静的”, :

the still hours before dawn 黎明前的寂静时刻。

 

四、常用句型

1Your friend comes to school very upset

你的朋友来上学,心情非常不好。

upset

1adj.“不安的;心烦意乱的”,如:

We could discern from his appearance that he was upset.

我们从他的样子可以察觉出他不快。

2vt.“使不安;使心烦意乱”,如:

His cheating in the exam upset his teacher

他在考试中作弊,这使他的老师很生气。

 

2tell him/her that he/she should have studied,

告诉他/她,他/她本应该好好学习的。

should have done (=ought to have done)是一种虚拟用法,译为“本应该做……”(但事实上并没有做),如:

You should have worn the safety belt in the car, and if so, you wouldn’t have been hurt.

你本应该坐车时系上安全带的,这样你就不会受这伤了。

 

3. Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts?

你是不是想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友呢?

whom you could tell everything to 是定语从句,修饰friend

此处的 like 相当于such as

He has learned some foreign languages, likesuch asFrench and German

他已学会了几门外语,如法语和德语。

 

4. I can well remember that

我记得非常清楚……

well 1n.“井” 

2adj.“身体好” 

3adv.“好;非常” 

本课这句话中的well 是副词,意思是“非常;彻底;完全”(quite, much, thoroughly)。

George was well and truly drunk.乔治喝得烂醉。

He finished the exam well within the time allowed

他在规定时间之前很早就做完了试卷。

 

5. flowers could never have kept me spellbound

……鲜花从未令我心迷神往过。

spellbind  v.“吸引人;迷人;使入迷”

The children were spellbound by the circus performance.

孩子们被马戏表演迷住了。

    The speaker held his audience spellbound.

演说者使听众听得入迷。

 

6I didn't dare open a window.

我不敢打开窗子。

dare

1)实意动词,后面经常接带to的不定式,多用于肯定句中。

He was brave and he dares to do everything.

他很勇敢,什么事都敢做。

Nothing is hard in this worldif you dare to scale the heights.

世上无难事,只要肯攀登。

dare后接不定式时,不定式多带to,但也可不带to,如:

He did not daretogo. 他不敢去。

dare的现在分词或动名词形式daring后总是接带to的不定式,如:

She stopped at the doornot daring to enter. 她在门口停下,不敢进去。

2)情态动词,多用于否定句和疑问句中,经常接不带to 的不定式,无人称形式变化,第三人称单数后不加s,如。

She dare not say what she thinks. 她不敢把她的想法说出来。

 

7It was the first time that I had seen the night face to face.

这是我第一次目睹夜晚。

It is the first/second/third time that … 某人第…次做某事,从句中的动词多用现在完成时。

It is the third time that the old couples have been to the Great Wall.

    这是这对老夫妻第三次去长城。

如果主句谓语动词为一般过去时,从句多用过去完成时,如:

It was the second time that we had come into the mountain village to see

the homeless children.

    这是我们第二次去山区看望无家可归的孩子。

 

四、交际用语

(一)态度(Attitudes

Are you afraid that ?

I've grown so crazy about .

I didn't dare .

 

(二)同意和不同意(Agreement & disagreement

I agree.

I think so.

Exactly.

I don't agree.

I don't think so.

I'm afraid not.

 

(三)肯定程度(Certainty

That's correct.

Of course not.

 

五、语法知识

陈述句和疑问句的直接引语和间接引语的相互转换。

(一)直接引语和间接引语

引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号“”标出,叫做直接引语;用自己的语言转述别人的话,不需要引号这叫做间接引语,实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句(其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外,其转换后是不定式)。直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句时,转换为间接引语,在句子的结构、人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化。

 

(二)直接引语变间接引语的变化

1. 人称变化,如:

I told him, “I don't agree with you.” 我告诉他:“我不同意你的看法。”→

I told him that I didn't agree with him. 我告诉他我不同意他的观点。

2. 时态的转换

直接引语改为间接引语时,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时,从句(即间接引语部分)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化,变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求),变化如下:

直 接 引 语

间 接 引 语 

一 般 现 在 时

一 般 过 去 时

一 般 过 去 时

过 去 完 成 时

现 在 进 行 时

过 去 进 行 时

过 去 完 成 时

过 去 完 成 时

现 在 完 成 时

过 去 完 成 时

过 去 进 行 时

过 去 进 行 时

一 般 将 来 时

过 去 将 来 时

3. 指示代词的变化thisthat thesethose

4. 时间状语的变化 nowthen todaythat day tonightthat night

tomorrowthe next day yesterdaythe day before

last nightthe night before

the day before yesterdaytwo days before

next weekthe next week

5. 地点状语的变化 herethere

6. 方向性动词变化 bringtake comego

 

(三)直接引语为疑问句

直接引语为疑问句,变为间接引语时关联词用whetherif或其它疑问词,词序与一般从句相同,behave等助动词置于主语之后,';引述动词常用sayaskwonderinquire等。各种变化要求与直接引语为陈述句时变为间接引语应做的变化相同。

1. 直接引语为一般疑问句,变为间接引语时应由whetherif引导,如:

He said to us, “Are you going away today?” 他对我们说,“你们今天走么?

He asked us whether we were going away that day. 他问我们是否那一天走。

2. 直接引语为特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,其关联词应用疑问代词或疑问副词,如:

What have you done?he asked. “你干什么了?他问道。→

He asked what I'd done. 他问我干什么了。

When will he come?she asked. “他什么时候来?她问道。→

She asked when he would come. 她问他什么时候来。