同步学习

一、本单元词汇

engine                n.                          发动机；引擎

characteristic        n.                          特征；特性

radium                n.                          镭

theory                n.                          理论；学说

scientific            adj.                        科学的

examine               vt.                         检查；诊察；考察；测验

conclude              vt.&vi.                     结束；推断出；议定

conclusion            n.                          结论；结束；议定

analyse               vt.                         分析

repeat                vi.&vt.                     重复；重做

                      n.                          重复；反复

defeat                vt.                         打败；战胜；使受挫

                      n.                          失败

attend                vt.                         照顾；护理；出席；参加

expose                vt.                        （与to连用）暴露；揭露；使曝光

cure                  n.                          治愈；痊愈

                      vt.                         治愈；治疗

control               vt.&n.                      控制；支配

absorb                vt.                         吸收；吸引；使专心

severe                adj.                        严重的；严厉的；严格的；剧烈的

valuable              adj.                        贵重的；有价值的

pump                  n.                          泵；抽水机

                      vt.                        （用泵）抽（水）

pub                   n.                          酒馆；酒吧

blame                 vt.                         责备；谴责；把……归咎于

                      n.                          过失，责备

immediately           adv.                        立即；马上

handle                n.                          柄；把手

                      vt.                         处理；操纵

addition              n.                          加；增加；加法

link                  vt.                         连接；联系

                      n.                          联系；连接；环

announce              vt.                         宣布；通告

instruct              vt.                         命令；指示；教导

virus                 n.                          病毒

construction          n.                          建设；结构；建筑物

contribute            vt.                         捐献；贡献；捐助

positive              adj.                        积极的；肯定的；确实的

strict                adj.                        严格的；严厉的；精确的

movement              n.                          移动；运动；动作

god                   n.                          神

God                                               上帝；天主

complete              adj.                        完整的；完成的；全部的

                      vt.                         完成

enthusiastic          adj.                        热情的；热心的

cautious              adj.                        小心的；谨慎的

reject                vt.                         拒绝；不接受；丢弃；抛弃

steam engine                                      蒸汽机

put forward                                       提出

draw a conclusion                                 得出结论

in addition                                       也；另外

link…to… 将……和……连接或联系起来

apart from                                        除……之外；此外

（be）strict with                                 对……严格的

lead to                                           通向；导致

make sense                                        有意义

point of view                                     态度；观点；看法

二、重点词汇讲解

1．suggest

（1）suggest 表示“间接表明；建议；使想起”，后面可以跟名词、代词或动词 -ing 形式作宾语，如：

That girl's sun-tanned face suggests excellent health.

那个姑娘被太阳晒黑了的脸表明她身体非常健康。

Mr. Smith suggested a way out of the difficulty.

史密斯先生提出了一个克服困难的办法。

An explanation suddenly suggested itself to me.

一种解释突然出现在我的脑海里。

（2）suggest 表示“建议”，而且后面跟 that 从句作宾语时，宾语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“（ should ）动词原形”，如：

Almost all his friends suggested that he visit Mr. Johnson at once.

几乎他所有的朋友都建议他应该马上去拜访约翰先生。

（3）suggest 表示“表明；说明；暗示；指出”，而且后面跟 that 从句作宾语时，宾语从句中的谓语动词用陈述语气。例如：

He often came to the theater, but his attitude suggested he was not really interested in the play.

他经常去剧场，但他的态度表明他确实对戏剧不感兴趣。

（4）在下列含 suggest 的句式中，如果 suggest 表示“建议”时，其后的宾语从句的谓语动词仍然用虚拟语气。

句式一、 It's suggested that.... （有人建议……）例如：

     It's suggested that we （ should ） put on a short play at the party.

有人建议我们在晚会上演一个短剧。

句式二、 What （ All that ） sb. suggests is that.... （某人建议的是……）例如：

What I suggest is that we visit a class right away.

我的建议是我们马上去听课。

What she suggested was that the clinic should make better use of those herbs.

她建议医疗站更好地利用那些草药。

suggestion  n.

suggestion 作“建议”解，后面跟同位语从句时，以及 suggestion 用作主语，后面跟表语从句时，从句中的谓语动词均用虚拟语气。例如：

My suggestion is that the work should be started at once.

我的建议是立即动工。

2．examine  vt.

（1）检查；细查

     The doctor examined her carefully.

医生给她作了仔细的检查。

（2）诊察

     If she wants to go swimming in this weather, she needs her head examined.

如果她想在这样的天气去游泳，她需要检查一下脑袋。

（3）考察；检测；询问

     You’d better examine your own heart and see what is the matter.

你最好扪心自问看看到底是怎么回事。

3．absorb  vt.

（1）吸收；吸引；兼并

     This job absorbs all of my time.

这个工作占有了我的全部时间。

（2）承受；承担

We will not absorb these charges. 我们不能承担这些费用。

4．test

（1）n. 测试；试验；检验

     I had a test of my eyesight yesterday and I have got more near-sighted.

我昨天测了视力，我近视得更厉害了。

（2）v. 测试；试验；检验

     She took the entrance examinations and tested high.

她参加入学考试并获得高分。

5．blame

（1）n. 过失；责备；归咎

     The company is ready to take the blame for what had happened.

公司准备对已经发生的事情承担责任。

（2）vt. 责备；谴责；归咎

     The severe storm was to blame for the power outage.

停电的起因是这场特大暴风雪。

6．link

（1）v. 连接；连结（常与together,up,to,with连用）

The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.

新的桥梁将把该岛与大陆连接在一起。

（2）n. 连接；联系

A lot of links fitted together form a chain.

许多链环连在一起组成链条。

三、常用句型

1．What do you know about infectious diseases?

你对传染病了解多少？

know about  了解……情况（消息）如：

There is still one more thing I’d like to know about.

还有一件事我要搞清楚。

2．John Snow was a well-know doctor in London—so famous,indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies.

约翰·斯诺是一位著名的医生——他的确太负盛名的，以致于维多利亚女王生孩子时，都是他去照料，使女王顺利分娩。

attend v.

（1）出席；参加

   He decided to attend the meeting himself. 他决定亲自赴会。

（2）照顾；看护

   Which doctor is attending to (on) you? 哪位医生护理你？

（3）伴随

   The work was attended with much difficulty. 这项工作带来许多困难。

attendance n.

（1）照顾

   There is a doctor in attendance. 有一位医生照顾。

（2）出席人数

   There was a large attendance at the concert. 音乐会听众很多。

3．But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.

但当他一想到要帮助（那些）受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。

expose to 暴露；受到风险。如：

Don’t expose yourself to the sun for too long. You’ll get sunburned.

不要在太阳下暴露太长时间，你会晒黑的。

4．The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.

第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。

（1）absorbed …into… 吸收。 如：

The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.

这家公司渐渐把小公司吞并了。

（2）suggest在这个句子里的意思是“暗示；间接表明”。又如：

The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air without reason.

一种看法是堆乱病毒在空气中无缘无故地繁殖着。

（3）suggest通常的意思是“建议”，常用句型为“suggest （that）sb.（should）do”

To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined and new methods of dealing with polluted water be found.

为防止这种情况再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议，所有水源都要经过检测，而且要寻找处理污水的新方法。

（4）suggest后面还可以接-ing形式或名词，如：

I suggest a visit to the theatre. 我建议去看戏。

5．Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.

只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。

（1）以only引起的短语或状语从句放在句首时，为了加强语气，句子需要倒装，如：

Only by shouting and waving his hands could he be noticed.

只有靠大声呼叫和晃动手臂才能使人注意到他。

（2）make sense讲得通，有道理，如：

Your story doesn’t make sense to me.

你编的故事我听不明白。

四、交际用语

描述人物（Describing people: characteristics and qualities）

How will I recognize you?

You can recognize me because…

What will you wear?

I will wear a …

What do you look like?

What special features do you have?

I’m tall/ short, fat/ thin, young/ old…

How will I know you?

I have large/ small, brown/ green/ black eyes with…

五、语法知识

过去分词作定语和表语

有关过去分词的用法是英语学习中不可忽视的重要一环，也是高考常考的重点项目。

（一）过去分词作定语

1．过去分词作定语，常常位于其所修饰的名词前；而过去分词短语作定语时，常常位于其所修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句。

You should improve your spoken English. 你应该提高英语口语水平。

What’s the language spoken (＝that is spoken) in that area？

那个地区讲的是什么语言？

The book, written (＝which was written) in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners.这本书是1957年写的，讲述矿工斗争的故事。

The Olympic Games, first played in 776 BC，did not include women players until 1912.

奥运会始创于公元前776年，直到1912年才允许女选手参加。

2．不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，而表示完成，如：

boiled water ＝ water that has boiled 开（过的）水

the fallen leaves ＝ the leaves that have fallen 落叶

a developed country ＝ a country which has developed 发达国家

3．有些过去分词作定语既表被动，又表完成，即过去分词在定语中可以独立表示完成意义的被动语态。如：

He told us of the great wrong done to him.＝He told us of the great wrong which had been done to him.

他给我们讲了他所遭受的巨大冤屈。

Is there anything planned (＝that has been planned) for the weekend？

周末安排了什么活动没有？

Did you accept the invitation given(＝that had been given) by the tour guide?

你接受导游所给的邀请了吗？

Most of the artists invited（＝who had been invited）to the party were from South Africa.

邀请到会的大部分艺术家来自南非。

4．不及物动词的过去分词作定语，且与其所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，必须在该动词后使用必要的介词。如：

He is the boy looked after by his elder sister. 他就是由姐姐看管的那个男孩。

5．过去分词作定语，如果强调该被动的动作正在发生，则将being＋过去分词置于被修饰的名词之后。如：

Have you noticed the bridge being built there?

＝Have you noticed the bridge which is being built there?

你注意到了那儿正在修的那座桥吗？

（二）过去分词作表语

1．过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态；而被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成。试比较：

The cup is broken. 杯子破了。（系表结构）

The cup was broken by him. 杯子被他打破了。（被动语态）

We were amused to learn that he had made a foolish mistake.

听到他犯了一个愚蠢的错误，我们都觉得好笑。(过去分词作表语)。

We were amused by his story and burst out laughing.

我们被他的故事逗乐了，大笑起来。(被动语态)

注：过去分词作表语时，连系动词除了be外，还可用get,become,grow,turn等，而被动语态无此用法。例如，我们可以说We became/got excited,但我们不可以说“We got excited by his words,只能说We were excited by his words.”

2．现在分词作表语，表示的动作与句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系；而过去分词作表语，其动作与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。如：

The news was exciting and we were all excited.

＝The news was exciting and it excited us all.

消息令人兴奋，我们都很激动。

We were surprised at what he said at the meeting.

＝What he said at the meeting surprised us.

我们对他在会上讲的很是惊讶。